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Chapter 1

... and the echo follows
an essay with photos by nic paget-clarke
The following endnotes are from the book ... and the echo follows: an essay with photos by nic paget-clarke. They are placed online here so that if you are reading the book (and you are near a computer) you can click on the links mentioned in the Endnotes and Resource section of the book and study the reference material. Visit the book's website here.
Chapter 1 | Chapter 2 | Chapter 3 | Chapter 4 | Chapter 5

1. The title "... and the echo follows" comes from a quoted discussion at a Zapatista Encounter in Chiapas, Mexico in 1994. The extract is quoted and discussed on pages 186-7 of the book Grassroots Post-Modernism, Remaking the Soil of Cultures by Gustavo Esteva and Madhu Suri Prakash. (Published in 1998 by Zed Books Ltd, London and New York). In this discussion about a "web of new social movements" and what comes next, the extract says, "The echo follows, the reflected image of the possible and forgotten; the possibility and need to speak and listen. ... It is not the echo which slowly extinguishes itself or the force that diminishes after it reaches its highest point. ... Yes, the echo that breaks and continues. ... The echo of the propio pequeño (the small that belongs to you) of the local and particular, reverberating in the echo of the propio big (the big that belongs to you), the intercontinental and galactic. ... The echo which recognizes the existence of the other and does not put itself over the other or attempt to make the voice of the other mute. ... The echo that takes its own place and speaks its own voice and speaks the voice of the other. ... The echo that reproduces its own sound and opens itself to the sound of the other. ... The echo of this rebel voice transforming itself and renovating itself in other voices. ... One echo that becomes many voices, in a web of voices that, before the deafness of Power, opts for speaking to itself, knowing that it is one and many, knowing that it is equal in its aspiration to listen and make others listen to it, knowing that it is different in the tones and levels of the voices constituting it."
2. Dedication - see book.

Introduction – Words and Pictures
3. In Motion Magazine® is a multicultural, online publication about democracy. It first went online August 2, 1995. It is a growing archive of interviews, articles, papers, works of poetry, fiction, and photography. Sections include -- Affirmative Action, Art Changes: From Where I Stand, Autonomy: Chiapas-California, Civil and Human Rights, Education Rights, Global Eyes, Healthcare, Photo of the Week, Rural America. The co-editors are Roger Allison, Roberto Flores, Alice Lovelace, Pedro Noguera, Rhonda Perry, and publisher Nic Paget-Clarke. The url is http://www.inmotionmagazine.com
4. Journalist Bob Schieffer

Part 1 – Democracy as Food Creation
5. Interview with Rosy Barrios Ventura of La Red: Working to Rebuild Ourselves. Interview conducted by Nic Paget-Clarke, September 3, 2005, in San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico. Published in In Motion Magazine December 18, 2005. http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/global/rbv_int_eng.html. Translated from Spanish to English by Janet Doyle (irlandesa). http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/global/rbv_int_esp.html

Chapter 1 – Industrial Agriculture
6. The Archaeology of Tiwanaku by Juan V. Albarracin-Jordan (Ph.D.), Figure 2.9 Chronological Schemes. Published by P.A.P., La Paz, Bolivia.
7. Albarracin-Jordan, chapter 3.
8. Albarracin-Jordan, pages 76-77.
9. From an unpublished phone interview by Nic Paget-Clarke with Bill Christison in Chillicothe, Missouri, January 27, 2008.
10. Paget-Clarke, Interview with Bill Christison.
11. The Corporate Reapers: The Book of Agribusiness by Al V. Krebs. Published in 1992 by Essential Books, Washington, D.C.
12. The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism by Naomi Klein, page 57. Published in 2007 by Metropolitan Books, New York.
13. Krebs, pages 214-220.
14. From an unpublished interview with Roger Allison, executive director of the Missouri Rural Crisis Center, by Nic Paget-Clarke in Armstrong, Missouri, February 5, 2005.
15. See the Farm Aid website at http://www.farmaid.org
16. The United Farmer and Rancher Congress: 1986 – Strengthening the Spirit of America. PDF of booklet available at http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/ra07/ufrc_all_lo.pdf
17. A Legacy of Crisis: Farmer Solutions, Corporate Resistance by George Naylor and Bert Henningson, Jr., Ames, Iowa. Published in The United Farmer and Rancher Congress booklet, 1986 (see endnote 16). Article republished in In Motion Magazine, October 31, 2007. http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/ra07/crisis_86.html
18. See a variety of sources and theories on interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum in Wikipedia at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_interpretations_of_The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz
19. Farm Bill Basics: Formula for Prosperity and Fairness by George Naylor, Jim Dubert, Bert Henningson, Jr. and Curt Stofferahn, Ames, Iowa. Published in The United Farmer and Rancher Congress booklet, 1986 (see endnote 16). Article republished in In Motion Magazine, November 18, 2007. http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/ra07/farmbill_86.html
20. In an unpublished interview I did March 14, 2010 with George Naylor, a longtime analyst of farm economics and a former president of the National Family Farm Coalition, Naylor said. "The point is that a farmer can get a non-recourse loan so that they are not forced to sell their crop at a very low price, and then wait until prices recover so that they can sell their crop and pay off the loan. But, if in this farmer’s locality prices don’t recover enough, then that grain becomes part of the nation’s surplus. ... And the farmer can then keep the loan money. ... when farmers have that available, they would never take less than that loan rate (which then) becomes the national minimum price, the actual minimum price in the market place."

He added, "It needs to be clear that it is in fact a nine-month loan -- it always was anyway -- so that in the nine months you either had sold the grain for a price that you thought was right and you could pay back the loan, or at that point you forfeit the grain without paying any interest on the loan."

Also, he explained the difference between a recourse loan and a non-recourse loan. "... if you get a loan from a bank and it's a recourse loan, and if the price of grain goes so low that you don’t even have the money to pay back the loan, they will not only want the corn but they are going to want you to sell something else to pay back the loan. They can force you to sell your cattle or your tractor or your farm on a recourse loan. ... Recourse means that there’s something that the bank can do to get their money, whereas a non-recourse loan means the only collateral is the grain that is in the bin."
21. Unpublished George Naylor interview, March 14, 2010.
22. Adam Smith in Beijing: Lineages of the Twenty-First Century by Giovanni Arrighi, page 328. Published in 2007 by Verso, London and New York.
23. Krebs, pp. 152-153.
24. Naylor and Henningson, Jr., A Legacy of Crisis.
25. The North American Farm Alliance was founded in 1983. The founding chairman and president was Merle Hansen from Newman Grove, Nebraska. Born in 1919, he died in 2009.
26. Paget-Clarke, unpublished interview with Roger Allison.
27. U.S. Department of Agriculture -- http://www.usda.gov
28. Interview with Rhonda Perry of the Missouri Rural Crisis Center: Grassroots Missouri Organizing Since 1985. Interview conducted by Nic Paget-Clarke, February 5, 2005, in Armstrong, Missouri. Published in In Motion Magazine January 24, 2006. http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/ra06/rperry_int05.html
29. National Family Farm Coalition -- http://www.nffc.net
30. NFFC website / Click on Who We Are.
31. See booklet Food Sovereignty by NFFC and Grassroots International – http://www.nffc.net/Issues/Trade%20and%20Food%20Sovereignty/NFFCFoodSovBrochure.pdf

-- Grassroots International, through grant-making, education and advocacy, supports the initiatives of peasants and family farmers, women and indigenous groups to protect human rights to land, water and food. See http://www.grassrootsonline.org/
32. Paget-Clarke, Interview with Rhonda Perry.
33. According to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the term "Green Revolution" was coined by William Gaud, the USAID administrator, in 1968. http://www.usaid.gov/press/frontlines/fl_aug08/p2_borlaug.htm

For more on the role of USAID, the World Bank, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Ford Foundation in the Green Revolution read Ch. 1 of The Violence of the Green Revolution by Vandana Shiva. Published in 1991 by Zed Books, London and New York.
34. Food First Policy Brief No.12: Ten Reasons Why the Rockefeller and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundations’ Alliance for Another Green Revolution Will Not Solve the Problems of Poverty and Hunger in Sub-Saharan Africa by Eric Holt-Gimenez, Ph.D., Miguel A. Altieri, Ph.D., and Peter Rosset, Ph.D. October 2006. http://www.foodfirst.org/files/pdf/policybriefs/pb12.pdf
35. President Manuel Ávila Camacho, president of Mexico from 1940-1946.
36. Interview with Gustavo Esteva: The Society of the Different -- Part 3: Regenerating Community/A Political Alternative. Interview conducted by Nic Paget-Clarke, September 6-7, 2005, in Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico. Published in In Motion Magazine April 8, 2006.
http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/global/gest_int_3.html
37.

DuPont website -- http://www2.dupont.com They still use "miracles of science™," but as of January 9, 2010 they seem to have now dropped the "multi-national chemicals and healthcare company."
38. The Death of Ramón González: The Modern Agricultural Dilemma by Angus Wright, page 173. Published by University of Texas Press; Revised edition, 2005.
39. Wright, page 178.
40. Oral History Interview With Merwin L. Bohan, Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. Interview by Richard D. McKinzie, Dallas, Texas, June 15, 1974. http://trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/bohanm.htm
41. Excerpts from The Economic Transformation by Richard S. Thorn, from Beyond The Revolution: Bolivia Since 1952, edited by James M. Malloy and Richard S. Thorn. © 1971, University of Pittsburgh Press. This excerpt from page 165.
42. See the TeachMeFinance.com website at http://www.teachmefinance.com/Financial_Terms/import_substitution.html
43. Thorn, page 160.
44. Interview with Miguel Angel Crespo of PROBIOMA / A Contribution To Agroecology: Biological Control, Certified Forest, Local Control. Interview conducted by Nic Paget-Clarke, August 28-29, 2006, in Santa Cruz and in (and to and from) San Luis, Santa Cruz department, Bolivia. The Spanish/English interpreter was Mark Camburn. Published in In Motion Magazine November 11, 2007.
In English: http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/global/mac_int_eng.html
In Spanish: http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/global/mac_int_esp.html
45. The first Bolivian land reform law was actually passed in 1953. Inter Press Service News Agency, Bolivia: Delays in Land Reform a ‘Time Bomb’ by José Luis Alcázar. http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=31029
46. Paget-Clarke, Interview with Miguel Angel Crespo.
47. Thorn, pages 187-8.
48. Thorn, page 189.
49. Thorn, page 209.
50. Interview with Geraldo Fontes of the MST: The Landless Rural Workers’ Movement, Part 1 – Building the New Society Now. Interview conducted by Nic Paget-Clarke, September 2, 2004 in São Paulo, Brazil. The Portuguese/English interpreter was Ana Amorim. Published in In Motion Magazine March 26, 2005. http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/global/gf_mst_int.html
51. Paget-Clarke, Interview with Geraldo Fontes.
52. The official English-language website of Brazil’s Landless Rural Workers’ Movement (MST). http://www.mstbrazil.org/?q=about
53. Interview with Miguel Angel Nuñez (2004): Farmers are Demanding Agroecology / Making Democracy Participative. Interview conducted by Nic Paget-Clarke, September 4-7, 2004 in Barinas and Caracas, Venezuela. Published in In Motion Magazine November 16, 2004. http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/global/man_int.html
54. Interview with Miguel Angel Nuñez (2007): The Science of Sustainable Agriculture Is Agroecology. Interview conducted by Nic Paget-Clarke, August 26, 2007 in Mérida, Venezuela. Published in In Motion Magazine June 22, 2008. http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/global/man_int07.html
55.

The Vulnerability of Oil-based Farming by Lester R. Brown, Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, Vol. 8, No. 1, 41-46 (1988). Copyright©1988, SAGE Publications.
56. Making A Killing From Hunger by GRAIN, April 2008, Barcelona, Spain. http://www.grain.org/articles/?id=39
Also published in In Motion Magazine http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/global/grain_food08.html
57. GRAIN, Making A Killing From Hunger – Tables 1 and 2.
58. Bill and Melinda Gates and Rockefeller Foundations together found the Alliance for a Green Revolution for Africa (AGRA) The Green Revolution Arrives in Africa, by Richard J. Blaustein, Bioscience, January 2008 excerpted in Britannica.com
http://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/28754424/The-Green-Revolution-Arrives-in-Africa
59. Former U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan is Chairman of the Board of the Alliance for a Green Revolution for Africa. http://www.agra-alliance.org/section/about/board_staff
60. World Bank President Calls for Plan to Fight Hunger in Pre-Spring Meetings Address, April 2, 2008, the World Bank web site.
61. The International Food System and the Climate Crisis by GRAIN, October 2009. http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/global/grain_climate.html
Also: http://www.grain.org/seedling/?id=642
62. The three former prime ministers of India at the rally in New Delhi were V. P. Singh, H. D. Deve Gowda, and I. K. Gujral. The Tribune, August 27, 2003.
63. Biopiracy: The Plunder of Nature and Knowledge by Vandana Shiva. Published in 1997 by South End Press, Boston, Massachusetts.
64. Interview with Vandana Shiva: The Role of Patents in the Rise of Globalization. Interview conducted by Nic Paget-Clarke, August 27, 2003 in New Delhi, India. Published in In Motion Magazine March 28, 2004. http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/global/vshiva4_int.html
65.

Interview with Devinder Sharma: The Politics of Food and Agriculture / Part 2 – From Secured-Cash Crops to Village Republics. Interview conducted by Nic Paget-Clarke, August 25, 2003 in New Delhi, India. Published in In Motion Magazine November 11, 2003. http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/global/devsh_int2.html
Also: Monsanto Agrees to Acquire Plant Breeding International Cambridge From Unilever, July 15, 1998. PRNewswire.
http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Monsanto+Agrees+to+Acquire+Plant+Breeding+International+Cambridge...-a020906370
66. The Violence of the Green Revolution by Vandana Shiva. Published in 1991 by Zed Books, London and New York.
67. Shiva, The Violence of the Green Revolution, page 111.
68. Shiva, The Violence of the Green Revolution, page 64, 201.
69. Shiva, The Violence of the Green Revolution, page 216.
70. Paget-Clarke, Interview with Vandana Shiva (2003).
71. Interview with Ian Henderson: GE is another way of being unsustainable in the biological sense/The market wants an un-modified product. Interview conducted by Nic Paget-Clarke, February 19, 2001 in Amberly, Aotearoa/New Zealand. Published in In Motion Magazine May 19, 2001. http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/nztrip/ih1.html
72. Sally Hacker was a professor of sociology at Oregon State University. She died in 1988. She described herself as a "radical feminist anarchist." She studied and wrote about, among other things: women, education, technology, and agribusiness. For more information see -- http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~sch00610
73. Krebs, page 74. The Sally Hacker quote was originally published in the Oregon State University publication the second wave, Spring/Summer, 1977.
74. Aotearoa – the Maori name for New Zealand.
75. Interview with Annette Cotter (Greenpeace campaigner): The Future Is GE Free/Genetically modified organisms are unpredictable, irreversible, unnecessary. Interview conducted by Nic Paget-Clarke, February 20, 2001 in Wellington, Aotearoa/New Zealand. Published in In Motion Magazine May 19, 2001. http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/nztrip/ac1.html
76. Roundup is the Monsanto Company brand name for glyphosate herbicides.
See History of Monsanto’s Glyphosate Herbicides -- http://www.monsanto.com/monsanto/content/products/productivity/roundup/back_history.pdf
Also see Journal of Pesticide Reform, Winter 2004, Vol. 24, No. 4,
http://www.pesticide.org/glyphosate.pdf
77. In the United States, Monsanto first introduced this technology in Roundup Ready soy beans. Conversation with former NFFC president George Naylor, March 14, 2010. Also, as of 2010, 90 percent of soy beans (and 70% of corn and cotton) grown in the United States are Roundup Ready.
See: Farmers Cope With Roundup-Resistant Weeds by William Neuman and Andrew Pollack, May 3, 2010, The New York Times.

78. Interview with Russell Simmons: A Guarantee of Safe Food/Organizing Organic Dairy Farmers. Interview conducted by Nic Paget-Clarke, February 14, 2001 in Waikato, Aotearoa/New Zealand. Published in In Motion Magazine May 19, 2001.
http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/nztrip/russim1.html
79. Farmers Cope With Roundup-Resistant Weeds by William Neuman and Andrew Pollack, May 3, 2010, The New York Times.
80. Argentina: Soy - High Profits Now, Hell to Pay Later by Marcela Valente, July 29, 2008, Inter Press Service News Agency, http://ipsnews.net/print.asp?idnews=43353
81. Interview with Doreen Stabinsky: Assessing the Risks of Genetic Engineering / Super weeds, non-target impacts, horizontal gene transfer. Interview conducted by Nic Paget-Clarke, February 17, 2001 in Auckland, Aotearoa/New Zealand. Published in In Motion Magazine May 18, 2001. http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/nztrip/ds1.html
82. To read about the current status of the campaign to keep New Zealand GE Free, see Greenpeace’s GE FreeNZ webpage at --
http://www.greenpeace.org/new-zealand/campaigns/genetic-engineering/ge-free-nz
83. Frankenstein, or, The Modern Prometheus by Mary Shelley. Originally published in 1818. My edition was published in 1992 by Penguin Books.
84. Biotech Bytes: Who’s Winning the Frankenfoods Fight? / Pharmageddon Strikes Back: Disinformation, TV Ads, Regulatory Reforms by Ronnie Cummins of the Campaign for Food Safety, Little Marais, Minnesota. Published in In Motion Magazine June 20, 2000,
http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/geff8.html
85.

Interview with Sydney Jackson: "Undisturbed and exclusive possession of the land, estates and forests"/ The Strength In It. Interview conducted by Nic Paget-Clarke, March 5, 2001 by phone (from San Diego, U.S.) to Auckland, Aotearoa/New Zealand. Published in In Motion Magazine April 22, 2001. http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/nztrip/sj1.html
86. To read articles by Kekuni Blaisdell visit -- http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/global/pacificindex.html.
87. Sydney Jackson passed away in 2007. To read about his life and passing visit – http://www.nzherald.co.nz/news/print.cfm?objectid=10461545
88. Paget-Clarke, Interview with Sydney Jackson.
89. Interview with Maui Solomon: The Wai 262 Claim by Six Maori Tribes / Flora and fauna and cultural and intellectual heritage rights. Interview conducted by Nic Paget-Clarke, March 5, 2001 by phone (from San Diego, U.S.) to Wellington, Aotearoa/New Zealand. Published in In Motion Magazine April 22, 2001. http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/nztrip/sj1.html
90. Paget-Clarke, Interview with Maui Solomon.
91. Interview with Fiona Cram and Glenis Philip-Barbara: Genetic Engineering and Maori Health / Different ways of managing and understanding knowledge. Interview conducted by Nic Paget-Clarke, February 15, 2001 in Auckland, Aotearoa/New Zealand. Published in In Motion Magazine May 31, 2001. http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/nztrip/fcgpb1.html
92. Paget-Clarke, Interview with Fiona Cram & Glenis Philip-Barbara
93. Paget-Clarke, Interview with Fiona Cram & Glenis Philip-Barbara
94. Paget-Clarke, Interview with Fiona Cram & Glenis Philip-Barbara
95. Interview with Richard Haigh of The Valley Trust: Sustainable Development -- "Participatory Development". Interview conducted by Nic Paget-Clarke, August 27, 2002 in KwaDedangendlale, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Published in In Motion Magazine June 8, 2003. http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/global/rh1.html
96. Monsanto Seeks Big Increase in Crop Yields by Andrew Pollack, The New York Times, June 5, 2008 http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/05/business/worldbusiness/05crop.html
97. If you are wondering if cotton has much of anything to do with food, I have learned that cotton seeds are used as a vegetable oil and also they are used in animal feed. Unpublished conversation with former NFFC president George Naylor, March 14, 2010.
98. Klein, pages 7-9. (Refer back to Endnote 12.)
99. Pollack, Monsanto Seeks Big Increase in Crop Yields.
100. Paying the Price for Global Growth by Ban Ki-moon, guardian.co.uk, July 3, 2008 http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jul/03/g8.climatechange
101. Profits from some of the world’s largest grain traders for 2008 in $US million, followed by percent increase from 2007: Cargill (USA) 3,951/69%; Archer Daniels Midland (USA) 2,624 /-17%; Bunge (USA) 1363/13%. Profits from some of the world’s largest fertilizer companies for 2008 in $US million, followed by percent increase from 2007: Potash Corp (Canada) 4,963/164%; Yara (Norway) 3,350/131%; Mosaic (USA) 2,682/430%. Profits from some of the world's largest seed/pesticide companies for 2008 in $US million, followed by percent increase from 2007: Monsanto 2,926/120%; Syngenta 1,692/ 19%; Bayer 1,374/40%. All figures were compiled by GRAIN from corporate reports. http://www.grain.org/seedling/?id=592
102. See this link to read the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples -- http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/en/declaration.html
103. Interview with Victoria Tauli-Corpuz of Tebtebba Foundation, An indigenous people’s policy research center: "Democracy In Relation To How Food Is Distributed." Interview conducted by Nic Paget-Clarke, September 2, 2002 in Johannesburg, South Africa. Published in In Motion Magazine June 20, 2003. http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/global/vtc1.html
Published in In Motion Magazine January 29, 2011