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Addressing disproportionate representation of
minority students in special education
placement by refining the referral process

by Frank Conahan, Karen Burggraf, Vivian E. Nelson
Arden Bailey and Marilyn Ford

Charles County Public Schools
Department of Special Education
La Plata, Maryland



References

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Artilles, A. J., & Trent, S.C. (2000). Representations of culturally/linguistically diverse students. In C. R. Reynolds, & E. Fletcher-Janzen (Eds), Encyclopedia of Special Education, (2nd ed. , Vol. 1, pp. 513-517). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Chinn, P. C. , & Hughes, S. (1987). Representation of minority students in special education classes. Remedial and Special Education, 8, 41-46.

Clarizio, H. F. & Phillips, S. E. (1986). Sex bias in the diagnosis of learning disabled students. Psychology in the Schools, 23, 44-52.

Cross, C. T. (2002) Working together to educate minority students with special needs or talents. National Academies Op-Ed Archives; http://www4.nationalacademies.com

Dove, T. , Hodge, W. , & Serwatka, T. (1986). Black students in special education: Issues and implications for community involvement. The Negro Review, 37, 17-26.

Figueroa, R. A. (1999). Special education for Latino students in the United States: A metaphor for what is wrong. In T. V. Fletcher & C. S. Bos (Eds.), Helping individuals with disabilities and their families: Mexican and U.S. perspectives (pp. 147-159). Tempe, AZ: Bilingual Review/Press.

Finn, J. D. (1982). Patterns in special education placement as revealed by the OCR surveys. In K. A. Heller, W. H. Holtzman, & S. Messick (Eds.) Placing children in special education: A strategy for equity. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Fuchs, L. (1989). Evaluating solutions, monitoring progress and revising intervention plans. Curriculum-Based Measurement: Assessing Special Children, (pp. 153-181). New York: Guilford Publisher, Inc.

Grant, P. (1992). Using special education to destroy black boys. The Negro Educational Review, 63, 17-21.

Harmon, J. A. , Stockton, T. S. , & Contrucci, V. J. (1992). Gender disparities in special education. (ERIC Document Reproduction Services No. ED 3358 631.)

Hosp, J. L. , & Rechly, D. J. (2001, winter). Predictors of restrictiveness of placement for African-American and Caucasian students. Exceptional Children, 68 (2), 225-238.

Janzen, M. A. , & Russo, N. F. (1998). Women, work and disability: Opportunities and challenges. Women with disabilities: Essays in psychology, culture and politics, Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Jones, R. L. (Ed) (1976). Mainstreaming and the minority child. Reston, VA: Council for Exceptional Children.

Magmer, L. (2000, May-June). Reaching all children through differentiated assessment: The 2-5-8 plan. Gifted Child Today Magazine, 23 (3), 48-50.

McAdamis, S. (2001). Teachers tailor their instruction to meet a variety of student needs. Journal of Staff Development, 22 (2).

Mercer, J. R. (1973). Labeling the Mentally Retarded. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

New study on minority students in special education offers blueprint for action and reform. (2002, February/March). Today, Exclusively for Members of the Council for Exceptional Children, 8-7, 1.

Patton, J. M. (1998). The disproportionate representation of African-Americans in special education: Looking behind the curtain for understanding and solutions. Journal of Special Education, 32, 25-31.

Patton, J. M. and Meyer, G. (2001, October). The nexus of race, disability, and overrepresentation: What do we know? Where do we go? (Available from the National Institute for Urban School Improvement, University of Colorado at Denver, 1380 Lawrence Street, 6th Floor, Denver, Colorado 80202)

Peterz, S. (1999, May). The overrepresentation of black students in special education classrooms. In Motion Magazine, 31.

Reschly, D. J. , Kicklighter, R. , McKee, P. (1988). Recent placement litigation. Part I, regular education grouping: Comparison of “Marshall” (1984, 1985) and “Hobson” (1967, 1969); Part II, minority EMR overrepresentation: Comparison of “Larry P.,” (1979, 1984, 1986) with “Marshall” (1984, 1985) and “S-1” (1986); Part III, analysis of differences in “Larry P.,” “Marshall” and “S-1” and implications for future practice. School Psychology Review, 17, 9-50.

Shinn, M. R., Nolet, V., & Knutson, N. (1990). Best practices in curriculum-based measurement. Best Practices in School Psychology, (pp. 287-307). Silver Spring: National Association of School Psychologists.

Taylor, P. B. , Gunther, P. L. ,& Slate, J. R. (2001, February). Teachers’ perceptions of inappropriate student behavior as a function of teachers’ and students’ gender and ethic backgrounds. Behavior Disorders, 26 (2), 146-151.

Tomlinson, C. A. (2000). Differentiation of instruction in the elementary grades. Eric Digest, Abstract No. ED443572.

Tomlinson, S. (1982). A sociology of special education. London: Routedge & Kegan Paul.

Traustadottir, R. (1990, July). Obstacles to equality: The double discrimination of women with disabilities. Center on Human Policy.

Troxclair, D. A. (2000, April). Differentiating instruction for gifted students in regular education social studies classes. Roeper Review, 22 (3), 195-198.

Van Der Heyden, A. M., Witt, J. C., Naquin, G., & Noell, G. H. (in press). The reliability and validity of CBM-based readiness probes for kindergarten students. School Psychology Quarterly.

Published in In Motion Magazine May 18, 2003


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