Return to Introduction
Transforming Urban Schools
Through Investments in Social Capital
Footnotes & References
Pedro A. Noguera, Ph.D.
University of California, Berkeley
Footnotes
1. Through an analysis of the social and economic transformations that have occured in urban areas in the United States since World War II, William Wilson demonstrates how such a devaluation of black labor has occured and resulted in the formation of an urban underclass. See The Truly Disavantaged. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.
2. Several commentators have debated whether or not a "crisis" actually exist in education. In part, this is because the term crisis implies that there were "good old days" when conditions were better. In a discussion of the "drop-out" debate, Deborah Myers argues that the good old days really weren't sso good (The Nation, 1992) It could also be argued that conditions in schools are very uneven, and that the public is largely satisfied with schools that serve middle and upperclass students(Tyack and Cuban 1994) while those that serve the poor are doing an admirable job given the resources at their disposal.
3. In Richmond California, the coach of the Richmond High School basketball team received considerable media attention and a visit from the newly elected governor because he forced the entire team to forfeit a regularly scheduled game due to poor academic performance of the players. (The team had been undefeated prior to the forfeit)
4. Although the assailants in the Jonesboro shootings were young white males, the older boy was said to have been a member of the Cripps - a Los Angles gang most commonly associated with African American youth. The fact that his parents were divorced was also cited as a factor contributing to his delinquency.
5. This finding is supported by a poll conducted in 1994 by Public Agenda on behalf of the American federation of Teachers ("What Americans Expect from the Public Schools" in American Educator, Winter 1994-'95) and in California by a poll conducted by PACE (Policy Analysis for California Education) in March 1996.
6. Cite public support for head start and similar programs.
7. Information on Medical and MediCaid
8. Interview with the Executive Director, October 1996.
9. The viability of vouchers is further limited by the fact that the amount of the subsidy generally falls well below the cost of tuition at most elite private schools. Vouchers may cover the cost of working class parochial schools, but even these schools have selective admissions criteria and limited space. See for a discussion of private schools, vouchers, and choice.
10. The dollar amount allocated under most voucher plans are insufficient to cover the cost of tution at the more elite private schools. Even if the amount of the voucher is sufficient to cover the cost of working class parochial schools, such schools typically have admissions requirements which are used to screen out less desireable students, as well as greater flexibility in removing students who are disruptive or difficult to serve.
11. Text taken from the Economic Opportunity Act, 1964 cited in Fantini, et.al., p.10
12. Moynihan, D.P. (1969) Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding: Community Action in the War on Poverty. New York: Fress Press.
13. Reconstitution is a strategy that was made available to SFUSD as a result of the consent decree on school desegregation. The policy allows the district to reconstitute a school - remove all or part of the personnel from a school deemed low performing - as a way to improve achievment for minority students. Since 1993, 14 schools in SFUSD have been completely or partially reconstituted.
14. My consulting work with the SFUSD has focused on an evaluation of the impact of the new admissions policy at Lowell High School on students admitted under the plan.
15. Proposition 187 was approved by voters in 1996 and was intended to restrict undocumented aliens and their children from having access to public services. Proposition 209 was approved by voters in 1997 and eliminated the use of race and gender as factors that could be considered in admissions for higher education, employment and contracting in publicly funded orgainzations. Proposition 227 was approved by voters in 1998 and banned the use of bilingual education in public schools.
16. I have attended parent education workshops, honor roll marches, and issue oriented events sponsored by all three centers. Each event drew a significant number of parents from constituencies not typically involved in school activities.
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