Pedro Noguera, PhD
Dean, Rossier School of Education
Distinguished Professor of Education
University of Southern California

September 15, 2023

Footnotes

1. According to Inside Higher Ed, 38 percent of ACT test takers met the benchmarks in at least three of the four subject areas tested (English, math, reading and science), down from 40 percent in 2015. See “Scores Drop as More Take Test” by Scott Jaschik August 24, 2016.
2. Nationally, 41% of Hispanic students, 42% of Black students and 31% of white students are required to enroll in remedial courses when they enter college. See “Hot topics in Higher Ed, Reforming remedial Education” in National Council of State Legislators, September 2016.
3. ESSA
4. The names of the district and of the schools described in this paper have been changed to protect the anonymity of the educators. I make an exception with the case of Brockton because the case has received considerable public attention.
5. Boston Globe article
6. For a detailed description of the deeper learning strategies utilized in one of the consortium schools (Urban Academy) see: “Empowering Students and Teachers Through Performance-based Assessment” by Avram Barlowe and Ann Cook in Excellence Through Equity edited by Blankstein and Noguera (ASCD 2015).
7. ESSA
8. Community schools

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